The HPR12/HNR12 are high-performance voltage regulators developed for audio applications where performance is especially critical. Their key performance characteristics surpass those of standard integrated circuits by several orders of magnitude. Kelvin sense connections allow point-of-load local regulation without the need for close physical placement.
The HxR12 series pass regulators are externally compensated transconductance amplifiers, with the load decoupling capacitor also serving as the compensation capacitor.
In a conventional emitter-output regulator, a constant-gain amplifier is placed around an emitter follower whose output impedance is low and changes inversely with load current. The dominant pole is established inside the voltage amplifier, while any load capacitance introduces an additional unwanted pole that reduces phase margin. As the output impedance becomes strongly dependent on current, the phase margin does as well.
This differs from a transconductance regulator, where the error voltage controls the output current. Dominant-pole compensation is achieved by the decoupling capacitor across the load. Stability requires a minimum load capacitance, and increasing that capacitance improves phase margin even further. Output impedance is determined as the inverse of transconductance, which is set by the transconductance of the difference amplifier and the Hfe of the pass device, both of which remain nearly constant with load. The benefit of this linear output impedance is especially important in power supply sensitive audio applications, where a non-linear supply response can introduce distortion.
Because the HxR12 regulators offer extremely wide bandwidth, care should be taken to connect the sense lines directly at the decoupling capacitor.